句重音(Sentence-stress) 句重音是英语口语的节奏, 指的是人们在朗读连贯的语句时哪些词重读、哪些词不重读的规则。一般来讲,句重音往往落在重读词的重读音节上。 句重音首先同语义表达有关。语句中的重要词通常要重读, 次要词一般不重读。重要词是指有实际意义的实词, 次要词是指只有结构功能的虚词。 句重音还同语句的节奏和语调有关。.英语是一种节奏性很强的语言, 而节奏主要是通过轻重音节的交替来实现的。认识和掌握句重音, 是认识和掌握英语节奏和语调的必要前提。 句重音可以分为一般句重音、逻辑重音和加强重音等。 1. 一般句重音 在连贯的语句中需要重读的词有: 名词、形容词、数词、实义动词、 副词、某些代词、疑问词, 即实词重读。此外, 否定形式的助动词和情态动词也要重读。 重读的实词: 1) 名词在句中通常要重读。 例如: A 'whale is an 'animal. What 'color is Julie's 'T-shirt? 例外: a) 表示普通概念的名词, 前面有修饰语时不重读。这类名词有people /person /fellow /thing /matter /affair /place /business 等等。 例如: 'That's a nice 'park. It's a 'nice place. b) 同一名词在同一句中或在邻近的上下文中重复出现时, 不重读。 例如: His 'family is a 'large family. 2) 形容词在语句中通常重读。但同一形容词在邻近的上下文中重复出现时, 不重读。 例如: Her 'skirt is 'black and 'white. 'What is 'blue? The 'sky is blue. 3) 数词(numeral) 。数词分为基数词与序数词, 二者在句中都应重读。 例如: 'Geogie is 'five. My 'second 'brother is a 'pilot. 4) 实义动词有完整的意义, 能在句中作谓语, 通常都要重读。 例如 'Susan 'loves 'singing. She 'sings 'well. 同一实义动词重复出现时不重读。 例如: 'Think as 'l think. 'Study as 'Lenin studied. 倒装句的实义动词不重读。 例如: 'After 'winter comes 'spring. 强调动词 ‘do'后面的实义动词不重读。 例如: We 'do believe him. 短语动词的重读有三种情况: 如果宾语重读, 则短语中的动词重读, 副词不重读; 如果宾语不重读, 则动词、副词都重读; 如果短语动词以过去分词形式处在句尾, 则副词重读, 动词不重读。 例如: He 'broke my 'glasses up. He 'broke them 'up. My 'glasses were broken 'up. 5) 副词在语句中大多要重读。 例如: Brown 'speaks Chinese 'slowly and 'carefully‘ I 'always play 'tennis on 'weekends. 位于句尾的程度副词(enough, much, etc.) 、替代副词(here, there, then, so, etc.) 、位于句首的起引导作用的now和then、引导词here和there 以及关系副词(where, why, etc.) 不重读。 例如: The 'meat is 'not 'cooked enough. —He is a 'true 'gentleman. ——I 'don't 'think so. Now 'stop quarrelling and 'listen to me. There's 'someone at the 'door. 'This is the 'reason why I 'left 'early. 6) 代词。通常要重读的代词是指示代词(this, that, these, those) ,疑问代词(who, whom, whose, what, which, etc.) 、不定代词(some, every, all, both, none, other, many, few, somebody, something, everybody, everything, etc.) 、起强调作用的反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) 以及名词性的物主代词(mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs) 等。 例如: 'This is your 'bedroom. 'Whose car can it 'be? 'What would you 'like to 'drink? 'Some are 'green, 'some are 'yellow. We are 'many, they are 'few. 'Everybody ar'rived here. He him'self 'hurt his own 'leg. The 'book is 'yours. 指示代词出this在由this morning, this evening中不重读。 7) 叹词在句中一般都要重读。 例如: 'Oh, it's 'wonderful. 'Hey, 'that's a 'great 'shot! 'My, you 'drive 'too 'fast! 'Dear 'me! 感叹句开头的what/ how/ such不重读。 例如: What a 'beautiful 'view 'that 'is! How 'hot it is 'today! Such 'masses of 'paper! 8) 助动词和情态动词的重读情况: a) 助动词和情态动词在句中时不重读, 在句尾时要重读, 在句首时可重读可不重读。 例如: 'Smith is 'studying 'Chinese. The 'game will be 'cancelled. I can 'ride 'horse. He could 'speak 'English. She may 'leave for 'Sydney 'next week. I used to 'live in 'school —'Can (Can) he 'speak 'English? —'Yes, he 'can. b) 助动词和倩态动词的否定情况有两种: 如果后接独立的not,句重音在not上; 如果后接不独立的-n't, 句重音在助动词上。 例如: He did 'not go to church last Sunday. He 'didn't go to church last Sunday. c) may和might意为‘许可' 时不重读, 意为‘可能' 时要重读。 例如: You may 'stay 'here. They 'may 'stay 'here. d) must和should意为‘必须' 和‘应该' 时不重读, 意为‘必定'时要重读。 例如: You must 'work 'harder. He 'must be 'very 'clever. be和have不论是实义动词还是系动词或助动词, 是否重读的规律与助动词相同 非重读虚词: 在连贯的语句中, 具有结构功能的虚词一般不重读, 非重读的虚词包括冠词、代词、非实义动词、连词、介词等。 1) 冠词有不定冠词a(n) 和定冠词the, 两者在句中一般都不重读。 例如: 'This is a 'computer. The com'puter is my 'sister's. 2) 代词。通常不重读的是人称代词(I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them) 、关系代词(who, whose, whom) 、连接代词(that, which) 、作宾语的反身代词以及形容词性的物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their) 等。 例如: They are my 'friends. We 'often play 'tennis to'gether. The 'book that (which) he is 'reading is 'mine. Do you remember the 'girl whom we 'met at the 'party? 'Show me what you have 'written. The 'boy 'hurt himself. Their 'parents 'love them very 'much. 'Take your 'seat, please. 不定代词one用于指代上下文提到过的可数名词时不重读。 例如: I 'like 'cherries, but I must 'have a ripe one. 不定代词some作定语表示‘一点、一些' 时不重读。 例如: There are some 'nuts on the 'lable. 相互代词each other和one another通常不重读。 例如: We 'see each other at the 'office 'every 'day. 在连系动词与人称代词构成的谓语中, 人称代词重读。 例如: It's 'me. It was 'he who 'called on me last 'night. 3) 连词。一般不重读的连词有并列连词(and, or, for, but) 、比较连词(as, than) 、从属连词(if, when, while, since, now that, as if/though, etc.) 等. 例如: I 'wrote the 'letter and 'took it to the 'post office. Will you stay 'home or 'go with me? I 'won't 'do it, for I 'don't think it's 'right. He came to 'see me but he 'didn't 'stay long. 'Study as your 'brother does. He 'works much 'harder than you. 当连词位于句首并且后紧接非重读词时, 则要重读。 例如: 'When he arrived at the 'station, it was 'raining 'hard. 4) 介词。介词(尤其是单音节介词) 如果出现在句子中间, 通常不重读。常见的单音节介词有at/by/for/from/of/to/into等等 例如: I 'met him at the 'airport. He 'comes from from 'Hong 'Kong. 介词在句首或作表语时, 通常要重读; 处在句尾人称代词前的双音节介词应重读。 . 例如: 'On my 'way, I 'came a'cross an 'old 'friend. He is 'in his 'bedroom. I 'don't know 'anything a'bout it. He was 'sitting be'tween us. 5) 其他情况 呼语、直接引语以及please这个词, 在句首要重读, 在句中或句尾, 不重读。 例如: 'Please 'turn 'off the 'light, Tommy. 'Tommy, 'turn 'off the 'light please. 'Don't 'come here, please, 'will you? She 'asked “'What were you 'doing there?” “'What were you 'doing there?”asked she. “Will/ 'Would you 'please” 中的 please 要重读。 上面所讲的只是语句重音的最一般的却又是很重要的规则。但语句重音并不是一成不变的语音现象。根据说话时的不同心态、不同着重点、不同的强调内容、不同的语气可以使原来在句中应重读的词失去重音, 原来不重读的词却成了z重读的词。因此, 句重音还有逻辑重音和加强重音等。 2.句重音的其他情况 1) 核心重音 每个语调单元几乎都有一个声调最高的重音, 它比其他重音都高, 我们叫它句核心重音。核心句重音通常涉及、透露、表达谈话的意见和意图。 它既携带着新的信息, 也是语调的重心所在。一般来说, 核心重音几乎总是落在句中最后位置的单词的重读音节上。 例如: (有下划线的音节为核心重音) I'm 'going. I'm 'going to 'London. I'm 'going to 'London for a 'holiday. It was the 'best car for them to buy. We 'looked at the 'hatch'back. The hatchback was 'old. (Hatchback is given information. Old is new information. ) It had a lot of rust in it. 如果有特别需要, 核心句重音也可以出现在其他位置上。 2) 逻辑重音(对照重音) 逻辑重音是指说话人因语义表达的需要, 把语句中某一个词说得特别用力, 使其在该句中特别突出。逻辑重音通常用于表达对比和‘言外之意'。只要有需要, 句中任何一个词(包括通常不重读的词) 都可以有逻辑重音。为了突出有逻辑重音的词, 句中通常应重读的词也不重读。 例如: a) She 'played the pi'ano 'yesterday.(—般句重音) 'She played the piano yesterday. (It was she who...) She 'played the piano yesterday. ( She only played...) She played the piano yesterday. (It wasn't other piano...) She played the piano 'yesterday. (It was yesterday...) b) 'Linda was 'wearing 'that black 'skirt.(一般句重音) Linda was wearing that 'black skirt. ( not a red one) Linda was wearing 'that black skirt, (a particular skirt referred to already ) Linda was 'wearing that black skirt. (not just carrying it) Linda 'was wearing that black skirt. (you said she was) 'Linda was wearing that black skirt. (it wasn't Jill wearing it) 3) 加强重音 加强重音是指说话人为了强调某个(或某些) 词, 或者为了加强语气, 把该词说得比一般的句重音更重些。加强重音的基础是一般句重音, 语句中通常不重读的词不能有加强重音。因强调而加强重音的词, 一般总是有量或程度含义的词、情态助动词。 例如: large; tremendous; huge; enormous; very; cannot; mustn't; etc. 但因语气而加强重音的词, 不受这个限制。 例如: A 'huge snake was 'crawling a'way in the 'grass. He's a tre'mendous eater. 'Thank you. What a fool! 'That's 'very 'interesting. 再如: It was 'very 'boring. (核心重音) It was 'very boring. (加强重音) You 'mustn't talk so 'loudly.(核心重音) You 'mustn't talk so 'loudly. (加强重音) 说明: 一些程度副词和修饰词也很自然地有加强重音, 这样的词有: indeed, utterly, absolute, terrific, tremendous, awfully, terribly, great, grand, really, definitely, truly, literally, extremely, surely, completely, barely, entirely, very (adverb), very (adjective), quite, too, enough, pretty, far, especially, alone, only, own, -self. 4) 新信息重音 在回答象W/H-这类问题的语句中, 为要突出它, 所以应读得特别重些。 例如: ɑ: 'What's your 'name? B: My name's 'Hendery. ɑ: 'Where are you 'from? I'm from 'Germany. ɑ: 'Where do you 'live? B: I 'live in 'Bonn. ɑ: 'When does the school term 'end? B: It 'ends in 'July. ɑ: 'What do you 'do? B: I'm a 'doctor. 以上这些问题可以回答为简略形式乃至一个词, 即新信息, 而不再重复已有信息。 它们的回答可以是: 'Hendery. 'Germany. 'Bonn. 'July. 'Doctor. 鉴于在句中最重要的或最具信息量的词应读得最重, 而重读的词也会是信息的核心, 因此, 新信息在句中通常会成为核心重音。 例如: ɑ: It 'sounds like there was some 'excitement 'last night. B: 'Didn't you hear? 'There was a tor'nado in the area.
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